Osteoporosis is a progressive skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and disruption of bone microarchitecture, leading to increased bone fragility and fracture risk. It is particularly common among postmenopausal women and the elderly and typically remains asymptomatic until a fracture occurs. Hip, vertebral, and distal radius fractures are the most frequent and serious clinical outcomes of the disease. In particular, vertebral fractures can lead to deformities such as kyphosis, significantly reducing quality of life. Diagnosis is primarily based on bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Various factors—including hormonal changes, genetic predisposition, aging, and lifestyle—contribute to the development of osteoporosis. Management includes lifestyle modifications, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, pharmacological treatments, and novel strategies targeting bone remodeling. The clinical and psychological consequences of vertebral fractures underscore the importance of early diagnosis and personalized treatment approaches. Ongoing research into the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic advancements is essential for reducing the global burden of osteoporosis.